Human Metapneumovirus, an extensively common respiratory virus, has created anxiety due to the sharp increase in China and India. The toll on health care systems has been tremendous in China as the situation has called for vigilance in India in view of the development.
Situation in China
China is witnessing a massive increase in HMPV cases, with hospitals reporting that they are overwhelmed by patients showing respiratory symptoms. Pediatric and general hospitals in provinces such as Hunan are overcrowded. Social media footage, though unverified, shows packed waiting rooms and long queues, evoking memories of the early COVID-19 crisis.
The Chinese health authorities haven’t declared an official cause for the outbreak. The CDC, the center of disease control and prevention, Chinese has even implied that this upsurge of respiratory infections might be because of influenza. Of the reported cases, around 30% of them were confirmed to have been infected by flu. And because of the confusion, people became more concerned.
HMPV Cases in India
India has also reported its first confirmed HMPV cases with three infants diagnosed in Bengaluru, Karnataka, and Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The infected children aged between eight to ten months are recovering. Crucially, none of the affected families have a history of recent travel, indicating that the transmission might be local.
The Indian Government is on an alert mode, with health departments preparing the hospitals for the possible surge that could erupt from such cases. Public awareness is being created about the virus by the authorities to avoid panic.
What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?
HMPV is a respiratory virus that was first recognized in 2001. It causes diseases ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to severe respiratory complications among high-risk groups.
Common Symptoms:
Cough
Runny nose
Fever
Sore throat
High-Risk Groups:
Infants and young children, especially under five years
Elderly, above 65 years
Immunocompromised, like cancer patients or organ transplant recipients
Chronic respiratory or cardiac diseases
Severity and Recovery
In most healthy individuals, the symptoms of HMPV are mild and recover within 7–10 days. However, in severe cases, especially in high-risk groups, complications can arise, such as:
Pneumonia
Bronchiolitis
Hospitalization may be necessary for oxygen support or intensive care in such cases.
How HMPV is Spread
HMPV is spread by respiratory droplets, much like the flu or COVID-19. The most common modes of transmission include:
Coughing or sneezing by an infected person
Direct contact with contaminated surfaces or objects
Close personal contact, such as handshakes or hugs
The virus is most contagious during the symptomatic phase.
Diagnosis and Testing
Diagnosis of HMPV infections is done by utilizing a respiratory specimen, usually obtained by nasal or throat swab. PCR testing is the most reliable method of confirmation of the virus.
Prevention
There is no vaccine or an antiviral drug for HMPV. Preventive measures aim to reduce the risk of exposure to the virus:
Frequent Hand Washing: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water
Surface Disinfection: Frequently clean surfaces and objects that are frequently touched.
Avoid Crowded Areas: Wear masks in densely populated settings, especially during outbreaks.
Isolation: Stay home if exhibiting symptoms to prevent spreading the virus.
Expert Opinions
Dr. Ankita Baidya, a consultant in infectious diseases at Manipal Hospital, emphasizes the need for vigilance, especially among vulnerable groups. She advises against self-medication and highlights the importance of seeking professional medical advice for severe symptoms.
Dr. Baidya added that antibiotics do not work with HMPV as it is a viral infection. Antibiotics are to be used only for secondary bacterial infections.
Public Health Response
Both China and India are intensifying the management of the outbreak. The hospitals are prepared for the expected increase in the patients, and the public is also educated on how to prevent it and the symptoms of HMPV.
The recent upsurge in HMPV cases has emphasized the need for global vigilance and preparedness. Although the virus is usually mild for most people, it can pose serious risks to vulnerable populations. Public health measures, personal hygiene, and timely medical intervention remain critical in controlling the spread of HMPV.